CADORO          *JEWELRY TRADEMARK FOR CADORO, NEW YORK FROM APPROX. 1955 UNTIL
     THE EARLY 1980'S. USED QUALITY MATERIALS FROM EUROPEAN MARKETS.

CAGEWORK  *HAND-CUT, PRESSED DECORATIVE METAL ENCASINS OVER A GLASS BOTTLE
     ETC. APPLIED OVER THE GLASS NOT ON IT.

CALIFORNIA MAID                                    *TRADEMARK FOR NATHANIAL M. KIRSCHNER, LOS ANGELES SINCE MARCH 1931
                                                                 THEY MADE PENDANTS, CHARMS, BROOCHES; GOLD OR SILVER PLATED.

CAIRNGORM                                  *SMOKY QUARTZ IN GREY-BROWN FROM SCOTLAND AND USED DURING
                                                        QUEEN VICTORIA'S REIGN. IT IS SOMETIMES (INCORRECTLY) CALLED
                         A SCOTTISH TOPAZ. CONSIDERED CELTIC JEWELRY.

CALVAIRE         *JEWELRY TRADEMARK FOR CALAVAIRE, INC. NEW YORK 1935-60 . THEIR
                                PIECES CONTAIN MINUTE DETAIL AND SUPERB STONES, ORMOLU AND
                                WIRING AS WELL AS USE OF ENAMEL. MARK IS "CALVAIRE" WITHIN A
                                SMALL CIRCLE AND IT IS THOUGHT THAT MANY WERE UNMARKED.

CAMEO    * BAS-RELIEF FEATURE CARVED FROM HARSDTONE, SHELL, CORAL, LAVA, JET, GEMSTONES, BOG OAK. USUALLY ONE COLOR FORMS THE BACKBROUND AND ANOTHER THE FEATURES WHETHER NATURALLY OR APPLIED.
A CAMEO CUT WITHIN A CONCAVE DEPRESSION WITH THE HIGHEST PART OF THE FEATURE EQUAL TO THE
EDGE OF THE STONE IS CALLED A CHEVETT, CHEVEE, CURVETTE OR CUVETTE.
VERY POPULAR DURING THE VICTORIAN PERIOD AND CARVED FROM ONYX, SARDONYX, CORNELIAN
AND THE BLACK HELMET AND PINK AND WHITE QUEEN CONCH SHELL. STONE CAMEOS ARE GENERALLY
MORE VALUABLE THAT SHELL, THO THE SHELL WERE MORE POPULAR. SCENIC CAMEOS ARE MORE
EXPENSIVE THAN THE BUST TYPE. "REBECCA AT THE WELL" WAS A POPULAR SUBJECT C. 1860.

CAN COMPACT                            *EARLY 20TH CENTURY VANITY CASE THAT CONTAINED A REMOVEABLE INTERIOR
                             SO IT COULD BE USE FOR MULTI STORAGE, ETC.

CANASTA  `* TRADEMARK FOR SPERRY MFG. CO. IN PROVIDENCE RI SINCE 1948 FOR THEIR
  (WRITTEN IN SCRIPT)     LINE OF BRACELETS, SCATTER PINS, ETC.

CANOVAS, ISABEL  *FASHION ACCESSORY AND JEWELRY DESIGNER. WORKED FOR DIOR AND VUITTON
   AND BECAME KNOWN IN HER OWN RIGHT C. 1980'S.

CANVAS WORK  *VICTORIAN BEAD EMBROIDERY DONE ON CANVAS BACKING AND SEEN ON
    FOOTSTOOLS  TEA   COSIES, TRAYS, SLIPPERS. ETC.

CARAT  * UNIT OF WEIGHT FOR GEMSTONES. METRIC CARAT WAS SET AS 1/5GRAM OR
    200 MILLIGRAMS SINCE 1913. USED WITH CUT AND UNCUT GEMSTONES.
    CARAT IS ONLY ONE OF THE 4 C'S (SEE DIAMOND) IN JUDGING GEMSTONES.

    UNIT(KARAT)  USED TO DETERMINE THE PURITY OF METAL - 24 CARAT BEING
    PURE GOLD. MOST GOLD IS TOO SOFT TO USE IN JEWELRY THEREFORE OTHER
    METALS ARE COMBINED LESSENING THE "CARAT" TO 9,14,18 OR 22 CARATS.
    A TEST USING ACID IS USED TO DETERMINE THE CARAT VALUE OF GOLD.

CARDIN      *JEWELRY TRADEMARK FOR PERRE CARDIN, VENICE ITALY BORN AND MOVED TO
   FRANCE 1950-PRESENT. PIERRE CARDIN WORKED FOR SCHIAPARELLI AND FOR DIOR
   IN PARIS BEFORE ESTABLISHING HIS OWN HOUSE C.1950 IN FASHION DESIGN.
HE IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE FOUNDER OF THE "UNISEX" TREND IN FASHION
    PAVED THE WAY FOR MEN'S FASHION ACCESSORIES. "SWANK" IS THE MENS ACCESSORY
    LICENSEE FOR THE CARDIN LINE IN THE UNITED STATES.

CARNEGIE, HATTIE  *FAMOUS FASHION AND JEWELRY DESIGNER WHO IMMIGRATED FROM AUSTRIA
1919-1970'S               SHE HAD AN UNCANNY SENSE OF FASHION FOR THE AMERICAN WOMAN AND
                                     I NITIATED THE "LITTLE CARNEGIE SUIT".  SHE EXPANDED HER LINE IN JEWELRY
                            FASHION, JEWELRY  AND PERFUME WITH THE HELP OF HER HUSBAND, JOHN ZANFT, WHO WAS A
                               & PERFUME  FORMER VP OF FOX STUDIOS.  SEVERAL DESIGNERS JOINED HER - NORMAN
                                        NORELL & MADINE EFFRONT.  MANY OF HATTIE'S DESIGNS WERE OUTRAGEOUS
                                      AND FANTASY FILLED WHICH MADE THEM ALL THE MORE POPULAR.  ANOTHER
                                      SIDE OF HER DESIGN ABILITY WAS SOFT AND ROMANTIC WITH DELICATE
                                   CRYSTALS AND STONES. HATTIE PASSED AWAY IN 1956 AT THE AGE OF 70 AND
                                    IN 1965 RIGHTS TO HER JEWELRY LINE WERE SOLD TO LARRY JOSEPHS WHO
                                 CONTINUED WITH THE PRODUCTION UNTIL THE 70'S. OTHER MARKS FOR
          HATTIE CARNEGIE WERE - "DREGA" C.1965;
                                     HER "CARTE BLANCHE" PERFUME BOTTLES ARE UNIQUE AND COLLECTIBLE.
                                   THEY HAVE A WOMANS HEAD AS THE STOPPER.  THE HAIR IS IN ROLLED CURLS.
                                  THE LARGER BOTTLE IS CLEAR GLASS WITH THE RAISED NAME ACCENTED WITH
                                GOLD. THE SMALLER BOTTLE IS ENTIRELY COVERED WITH THE GOLD PAINT.

CARNELIAN      * VARIETY OF CHALCEDONY QUARTZ, DISTINGUISHED BY ITS RED/BROWNISH
   COLOR.  IT WAS ORIGINALLY NAMED "CORNELIAN" BUT CHANGED IN THE 15TH
   CENTURY.  IT IS ACTUALLY DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD "CORNUM"      MEANING "CORNEL BERRY". CARNELIAN WAS A
   FAVORITE OF THE VICTORIANS.
   IT IS THE ALTERNATE BIRTHSTONE FOR JULY AND IS ASTROGICALLY IN THE  HOUSE OF VIRGO.  THE EGYPTIANS USED
   CARNELIAN EXTENSIVELY AS A  TALISMAN AND IN ORNAMENTATION.  AS A TALISMAN IT WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE THE POWER
  TO DRIVE AWAY EVIL. IT WAS BELIEVED TO PRESERVE LIFE AND IS MENTIONED IN THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD.  IT IS   SAID THAT NAPOLAON CARRIED A CARNELIAN WITH HIM DURING HIS CAMPAIGN IN EUROPE.  A RING OF CARNELIAN WAS THOUGHT TO MAKE A MAN  PEACEFUL AND SLOW TO ANGER BUT DIGNIFIED IN A DISPUTE. THE CARNELIAN STONE TODAY EXPRESSES WARMTH AND FRIENDLINESS AND LOVE OF LIFE.

    CARTIER  *JEWELRY SHOP FOUNDED IN 1847 BY LOUIS FRANCOIS CARTIER AS A SMALL SHOP IN PARIS.
    THE LONDON BRANCH WAS OPENED IN 1902 AND THE NEW YORK BRANCH IN 1903.
    THEY ARE CREDITED WITH MAKING THE FIRST WRISTWATCH C. 1904.
    BUSINESS PASSED FROM 4 GENERATIONS UNTIL IT BECAME PUBLIC OWNERSHIP IN THE
    EARLY 1960'S. CLAUDE CARTIER (DIED 1975) WAS THE LAST CARTIER TO HEAD THE COMPANY.

    MARK LFC - IN A DIAMOND SHAPED SHIELD
              AC - WITH A HATCHET GRAPHIC

CARVING      *TO CARVE. CREATE OR DECORATE A FORM OR DECORATION BY CUTTING
   INTO, WHITTLING ON, SCRAPING, HOLLOWING OUT, ETC.

CASSANDRE (ADOLPHE MOURON) *1901-1968. BORN IN RUSSIA AND DESIGNED JEWELRY FOR GEORGES FOUQUET
   IN THE MID 1920'S.

CASTELLANI,FORTUNATO 1793-1865.    EXQUISITE ARTISAN AND DESIGNER OF GOLD JEWELRY. HIS WORK
                                                                             WAS CARRIED ON BY HIS TWO SONS ALESSANDRO AND AUGUSTO.
                                                                FORTUNATO WAS KNOWN FOR HIS ETRUSCAN AND GREEK REVIVAL JEWELRY
                                                                 WHICH WERE KNOWN AS "ITALIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL JEWELRY". EXAMPLES OF
                                                             THEIR DESIGNS ARE IN MUSEUMS ALL OVER THE WORLD.

CASTILLO, LOS  * JEWELRY TRADEMARK USED BY THE CASTILLO BROTHERS IN ONE OF TAXCO'S
     LARGEST SILVER SHOPS. MARK USED 1930 - PRESENT. THEY USED STERLING
     SILVER WITH INLAYS AND COMBINATIONS WITH COPPER AND BRASS - ALSO
     ENAMELS.  HIGHEST QUALITY MEXICAN DESIGNED JEWELRY BRINGING TOP
     PRICES.

CASTLECLIFF                              *  JEWELRY MARK USED BY CLIFFORD FURST C.1945 - 1970.  THEIR PIECES ARE
                                                         GOOD   QUALITY WITH SOMETIMES BOLD DESIGNS AND LARGE UNUSUAL STONES.
                                                       IT WAS SOLD IN THE FINEST STORES BEING OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY. MUCH
                                                     IN DEMAND IS THE MYTHOLOGICAL HORSE BRACELET.

CAT'S EYE   * USUALLY REFERS TO THE TRANSLUCENT HONEY COLOR STONE CHRYSOBERYL
     WHICH HAS A LINE OF LIGHT THROUGH THE STONE THAT FLASHES WHEN
     TURNED MUCH LIKE THE STAR SAPPHIRE.  WHEN THIS SAME OPTICAL
     EFFECT IS FOUND IN GREY-BLUE QUARTZ IT IS REFERRED TO AS FALCON'S
     EYE.

CAVINESS, ALICE                                      *JEWELRY DESIGNER C.1940-1965. SHE BEGAN IN THE FASHION GARMANT
                                                               BUSINESS   AND CARRIED OVER HER ARTISTIC FLAIR AND IMAGINATION INTO HER
                                                             JEWELRY. ALWAYS OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY AND HIGHLY COLLECTIBLE WHEN
                                                             FOUND.  SOMETIMES, ESPECIALLY ON EARRINGS, "ALICE" WAS THE ONLY MARK.
                                                             SHE LOVED THE FEMININE BEAD AND PEARL COLLAGES SO POPULAR DURING
                                                                   THIS PERIOD.  ALL HAND WIRED WITH CREATIVE CARE HER DESIGNS WILL ALWAYS
                         BE AMONG THE MOST DESIRED.

CELLINI, BENVENUTO   * 1500-71. CELEBRATED JEWELRY ARTISAN AND DESIGNER OF RENAISSANCE
                                   PERIOD.  EXTENSIVE USE OF ENAMEL AND PEARLS.

CELLINI  *  TRADEMARK OF AUTOMATIC GOLD CHAIN COMPANY, PROVIDENCE, R. FOR
     JEWELRY SINCE 1930.

CELLULOID   *INVENTED BY JOHN WESLEY HYATT IN 1869 PARTLY AS A RESULT OF AN
    INCENTIVE OFFERED BY PHELAN AND COLLANDER, A LARGE AMERICAN
    BILLIARD SUPPLY COMPANY, TO FIND A A REPLACEMENT FOR THE RISING
    COST OF IVORY WHICH WAS USED TO MAKE BILLIARD BALLS!  CELLULOID
    IS ACTUALLY THE TRADE NAME FOR "SEMISYNTHETIC PYROXYLIN-CAMPHOR
    THERMOPLASTIC.  IT WAS USED FOR EVERYTHING FROM BUTTONS, JEWELRY
    AND DRESSER ACCESSORIES TO  TOYS AND BILLIARD BALLS. CELLULOID IS
    HIGHLY FLAMABLE AND WILL CRACK AND/OR DARKEN WITH AGE. THE GASES
    GIVEN OFF BY DETERIORATING CELLULOID CAME DAMAGE OTHER PIECES
    SO CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO STORE IT SEPARATELY. A "HOT PIN" TEST
    CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE CELLULOID.  iT HAS A STRONG CAMPHOR
    ODOR.  IF THE PIN TEST COULD POSSIBLY CAUSE DAMAGE YOU CAN ALSO
    GET A NOT QUITE SO STRONG ODOR BY JUST  IMMERSING THE ITEM IN A
    SHALLOW BOWL OF HOT STEAMING WATER.  A WORD OF CAUTION THOUGH,
    A LATER FORM CELLULOID (LUMARITH) WILL SMELL OF VINEGAR BUT WILL
    BE DAMAGED FROM A TOO LONG IMMERSION IN THE HOT WATER.  TO CLEAN
    CELLULOID, USE VEGETABLE OIL OR SOAPY WATER. ANOTHER METHOD  I
    HAVE USED WITH SUCCESS IS "ARMOR ALL" USED FOR CLEANING VINYL IN
    CARS.  NEVER USE A SOLVENT SUCH AS NAIL POLISH REMOVER, ETC.

CELTIC   * REFERS TO JEWELRY ASSOCIATED WITH SCOTLAND, IRELAND, WALES
     AND BRITTANY THAT BECAME POPULAR DURING THE VICTORIAN PERIOD
     WITH QUEEN VICTORIA'S LOVE OF THE DESIGNS AND STONES.  SOME OF
     THE DESIGNS WERE BASED ON THE ST. ANDREW'S CROSS.  CAIRNGORM,
     AMETHYST AND PEARLS FROM SCOTLAND WERE USED AS WELL AS THE
     COLORFUL AGATES. OTHER ITEMS POPULAR IN CELTIC JEWELRY INCLUDE
           BROACHES(PINS) HEAVY NECKPIECES OF TWISTED AND DECORATIVE METAL
            CALLED "TORQUES", EAR CLASPS, BRACELETS, ETC. OTHER POPULAR MOTIFS
                INCORPORATE ELABORATE KNOTWORK DESIGNS WHICH HAVE AN ART
     NOUVEAU LOOK.  "MIRACLE" IS A JEWELRY MFG. THAT PRODUCES QUALITY
      REPO. OF THIS TYPE OF JEWELRY.

CELTIC KNOT   *INTERLACED MOTIF USED IN CELTIC JEWELRY ALSO CALLED ENTRELAC.
      STYLE WAS REVIVED BY THE BRITISH ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT.

CERAMIC    *ANY TYPE OF FIRED POTTERY - FAIENCE, TERRACOTTA, EARTHENWARE,
     STONEWARE, PORCELAIN, RAKU.

CERAMIC TRANSFER                       *A COMPLICATED TECHNICAL PROCEDURE WHERE DESIGNS ARE ENGRAVED ON
                                                           COPPER PLATE, THEN INKED AND THE IMPRESSION IS TRANSFERED TO A PIECE
                                                                 OF TISSUE PAPER, THEN A GAIN TRANSFERED TO A PIECE OF PORCELAIN TO BE
                                          DECORATED OR HAND PAINTED.  A PERMANENT G LAZE IS APPLIED,
                                                                 FIRED IN THE KILN AND UNLESS IT IS SCRATCHED IT RETAINS THE ORIGINAL
                                                                DESIGN INTACT.  THESE WERE APPLIED NOT ONLY TO PORCELAIN TABLEWARE,
                                  BUT TO BROOCHES, HATPINS, ETC.

CERDA, FULCO SANTOSTEFANO DELLA      *ORIGINALLY FROM SICILY. BEGAN HIS CAREER AS A TEXTILE DESIGNER FOR CHANEL.
   HE EVENTUALLY BECAME THE CHIEF JEWELRY DESIGNER. HE DESIGNED PIECES SUCH AS
   THE CHANEL CHESSMEN, HUMMINGBIRDS AND COATS OF ARMS JEWELRY.

CHATELAINE  *CLASP OR HOOK FROM WHICH WAS HUNG ALL MANNER OF HOUSEHOLD ITEMS AND NECESSITIES;
                                   WATCHES, THIMBLES, SCISSORS, KEYS, CHARMS, PERFUME, CLIPS, ETC. THE WORD IS FROM THE
                         FRENCH MEANING "MISTRESS OF THE CASTLE" AND THE EARLIEST WERE MOST CERTAINLY
                         USEFUL FOR SUCH A PERSON.  AFTER THE 17TH CENTURY CHATELAINES BECAME MORE OF A
                                       DECORATIVE JEWELRY ITEM THAN UTILITARIAN AND OFTEN CONTAINED WHIMSICAL ITEMS. SOME
                              WERE  MAGNIFICANT AND ELABORATELY DECORATED.  THE WORD IS ALSO USED TO MEAN THE
                           HOOK PLUS ITS PENDANTS. THEY WERE MADE OF PINCHBECK, GOLD, SILVER AND CUT STEEL.

CHATELAINE *VANITY CASE FOR CHATELAINES THAT CAME IN MANY SHAPES AND SIZES.  THEY FREQUENTLY
                            CASE  CONTAINED PUFF BOXES, THE PUFF, PINS, MIRROR AND DECORATED WITH ENAMEL.  SOME WERE
               EVEN SET WITH GEMS SIMILAR TO THE ONES IN THE ACTUAL CHATELAINE.  IT WAS A COMBINED
                  BEAUTY AND UTILITY WHICH APPEALED TO A LADY'S ARTISTIC SENSE WHILE SERVING HER NEEDS
  FOR STORING THESE ITEMS.

CHATHAM           *SYNTHETIC EMERALDS DEVELOPED BY CARROLL CHATHAM IN SAN FRANCISCO IN 1935.  THEY
                             HAVE  EMERALDS THE SAME S TRUCTURE, BUT ARE MORE BLUE GREEN IN COLOR AND TEND TO
                             HAVE WISPY BLACK SPOTS AND VEILLIKE INCLUSIONS. UNDER BLACK LIGHT THEY FLORESCE RED
                              IN THE LONG WAVE AND YELLOW ORANGE TO OLIVE GREEN IN THE SHORT WAVE BEAM.  NATURAL
                                  EMERALDS DO NOT FLORESCE OR AT BEST SHOW A VERY DULL DARK RESPONSE, SO A BLACK
                              LIGHT WILL EASILY DISTINGUISH A CHATHAM EMERALD FROM THE REAL THING.

CHATON  *FRENCH TERM FOR "BEZEL" I.E. ORNAMENT AT THE TOP OF A FINGER RING. ALSO MEANING A
                      FACETED GLASS  ROUND STONE BACKED WITH FOIL USUALLY ROUND WITH A POINTED BACK.

CHATOYANT  * STONES SHOWING THIS INLCUDE CAT'S EYE, MOONSTONES, STAR STONES, ETC. AND ARE
   ALWAYS CUT EN CABOCHON.

CHAUMET & CIE       *ONE OF LEADING FRENCH JEWELRY FIRMS FOUNCED IN 1780 BY ETIENNE NITOT.
    THEY WERE COMMISSIONED TO MAKE NAPOLEON'S CORONATION CROWN AND SWORD
    AND ALSO THE WEDDING JEWELRY FOR MARIE LOUISE IN 1810. THEY WERE POPULAR
    FOR THEIR ART DECO DESIGNS.

CHAVIN   *JEWELRY AND OBJECTS OF PRE COLUMBIAN ORIGINA FROM PERU MADE DURING THE
                                    PERIOD  OF THE CHAVIN  CULTURE CIRCA 900-500 BC.

CHERUB     *DIMPLED, UNCLOTHED FIGURE OF THE RENAISSANCE, BAROQUE AND ROCOCO PERIODS
                           USED IN ORNAMENTATION. MOST OFTEN WINGED. IF UNWINGED, THE FIGURE IS REFERRED
                                     TO AS PUTTI.  IF CARRYING A BOW AND ARROW THE FIGURE IS CALLED "CUPID". THESE FIGURES
                      ARE SAID TO BE A REPRESENTATION OF EROS, THE GREEK GOD OF LOVE.  THIS STYLE
  ORNAMENTATION WAS MUCH LOVED AND USED BY THE VICTORIANS.

CHEVRON           *TYPE OF TRADE BEAD ORIGINALLY vENETIAN USUALLY RED, WHITE AND BLUE
                           WITH CONICAL GROUND DOWN ENDS. ALSO CALLED PATERNOSTER, ROSET
    STAR BEAD. THE PATTERN IS USED IN OTHER ORNAMENTATION.
                             *FRENCH FOR "RAFTER" IN ORNAMENT A ZIG ZAG DESIGN OR MOLDING OR A
                                                   CONTINUOUS LINE OF "V'S".     FREQUENTLY USED IN NORMAN AND GOTHIC  DESIGNS.

CHICKEN-BONE JADE     *TYPE OF NEPHRITE (JADE) THAT AS A RESULT OF HAVING BEEN BURIED IN SAND LOSES  DEEP
SATURATION AND RESULTING IN AN OUTER BROWNISH SKIN.

CHINESE JADE                                         *MISNOMER FOR GREEN AVENTURINE QUARTZ OR FOR JADEITE WHICH IS   CARVED IN
                                                                  CHINA BUT NOT MADE  THERE.

CHIRIQUI                   *ARTICLES/JEWELRY OF PRE COLUMBIAN MADE IN CHIRIQUI REGION WHICH IS   NOW THE
                                  BORDER OF COSTA RICA   AND PANAMA. CIRCA 1858-60

CHRYSOBERYL     *GEM FAMILY POPULAR IN VICTORIAN TIMES. I.E. CAT'S EYE, ALEXANDRITE, AND   GEM
                                 CHRYSOBERYL, AN  ASPARAGUS GREEN CLEAR STONE SOMETIMES WRONGLY
                                   CALLED   OLIVINE.

CHRYSOPRASE     *APPLE GREEN DYED CHALCEDONY. IT HAS A CLOUD LIKE RATHER THAN BRILLIANT   COLOR.
                                IT WAS VERY  POPULAR IN ART N0UVEAU AND ART DECO PERIODS. IT IS SOMETIMES MISTAKEN
                                FOR JADE. THE NAME COMES FROM THE GREEK "CHRYSOS" MEANING GOLDEN AND "PRASE"
                              MEANING LEEK. 11TH CENTURY BYZENTINE MANUSCRIPT OF MICHAEL PSELLIUS RELATES THAT
                              CHRYSOPRASE WAS USED FOR HEALING IN VISION AND TO RELIEVE INTERNAL PAIN.

CHUTE, A LA,        *CLASSICAL TYPE OF NECKLACE OF PEARLS IN THE FORM OF A SINGLE STRAND 42 CM
                                LONG OF GRADUATED PEARLS.

CINER   *JEWELRY DESIGNER, NEW YORK  SINCE 1892. FOUNDED BY EMANUEL CINER.
1892-PRESENT           THEY USED SWAROVSKI RHINESTONES AND GOLD PLATING IN MOST DESIGNS.
                                   THE LINE IS STILL OPERATED BY THE FAMILY AND SOME OF THE ORIGINAL DESIGNS
                                   ARE STILL BEING MADE.  HIGH QUALITY WITH EACH PIECE SIGNED "CINER".

CINI   *JEWELRY DESIGNER USEING STERLING 1922-1970. OTHER JEWELRY FROM 1993-PRESENT
                                  IN THE 1940'S CINI PRESENTED A ZODIAC LINE IN STERLING THAT WAS VERY POPULAR.

CINNABAR           *THE ONLY IMPORTANT ORE OF MERCURY. IT IS BRILLIINT REL OR VERMILION MINERAL  WHICH IS
                              USED AS A RED   PIGMENT. MOST POPULAR IN CHINA THE COLOR WAS OFTEN REFERRED TO
                              AS "DRAGON'S BLOOD". IT IS HIGHLY PRIZED BY CHINESE ARTISANS  WHO USE IT FOR DYING
                              INLAY WORK FOR JEWELRY AND OTHER  ORNAMENTATION.

CIRCA, CA. C.     *USED WITH A DATE TO DESIGNATE THE APPROXIMATE YEAR AN ITEM WAS USED,  INVENTED OR
                          IN FASHION. IN   JEWELRY CIRCA USUALLY MEANS APPROXIMATELY 10 YEARS ON EITHER
                          SIDE OF THE DATE GIVEN.

CIRCLET              *HEAD ORNAMENT IN THE FORM OF A COMPLETE CIRCLE WORN ABOVE THE BROW AND
                            SLIGHTLY TILTED BACK. POPULAR IN THE VICTORIAN PERIOD.

CIRE PERDUE      *MEANING LOST WAX - ANCIENT PROCESS OF CASTING JEWELLRY OR SMALL ITEMS THAT
   (FRENCH)         WILL BE DISPLAYED "IN THE ROUND". THE METHOD WAS PROBABLY FIRST USED IN
                            EGYPT AROUND THE XII DYNASTY.  THIS METHOD IS STILL USED.

CIRO             * NY NY; C.1920'S; "ACCLAIM". THEIR PERFUME "BOUQUET ANTIQUE" WAS
                             BOTTLED IN A BLACK ENAMEL BOTTLE DECORATED WITH A FLORAL STOPPER.

CIRO                   *JEWELRY TRADEMARK FOR CIRO PEARLS LIMITED, LONDON, ENGLAND (BOND ST.) SINCE 1917
                           ALSO "CIRO OF BOND STREET", NEW YORK SINCE THE 1920'S

CITRINE               *CRYSTALLINE VARIETY OF QUARTZ WITH A VARYING COLOR FROM YELLOW TO
              REDDISH ORANGE.  POPULAR DURING THE VICTORIAN PERIOD IT WAS SOMETIMES MISTAKEN
                           FOR TOPAZ. THE WORD CITRINE WAS DERIVED FROM THE FRENCH WORD FOR LEMON -
                           CITRON. IT    WAS ONCE CARRIED AS A TALISMAN PROTECTING AGAINST PLAGUE EPIDEMICS AND
                           EVIL  THOUGHTS.  IT WAS ALSO USED TO PROTECT AGAINST SNAKES, REPTILES AND INSECTS.

CLASPS            *FASTENING DEVICES. THE "PUSH-IN" TYPE IS THE OLDEST FORM OF CLASP ON   A BRACELET OR
                          NECKLACE.   BROOCH CLASPS HAD SIMPLE HOOKS UNDER WHICH A  PIN SHANK WAS HELD IN
                          PLACE. EVENTUALLY SAFETY  CATCHES WERE ADDED. THE  "BALL CLASP" SAFETY CONSISTS OF A
                          3/4 CIRCLE WITH A SMALL LEVER TYPE  TAB  WHICH COMPLETES THE ROUND AND SECURELY
                           LOCKS THE BROOCH PIN. IT WAS INNOVATED   IN THE   YEAR 1911. THE "SPRING RING" CLASP IS A
                           TINY CIRCLE WITH A PUSH PIN  ON A SPRING WHICH OPENS AND   SPRINGS SHUT FOR CLOSURE.
                           THIS IS THE MOST COMMON  TYPE OF CLASP DEVICE.  CLASPS WITH A CHAIN  AND PIN SAFETY
                           FEATURE WERE WORN PRIOR TO 1890 WHILE THE SAFETY CLASP WAS AFTER 1900.
                           ORNAMENTAL CLASPS WERE WORN UNTIL THE 1930'S AND THEN CAME THE SIMPLE SCREW
                           BARREL TYPE FOLLOWED BY A CHAIN WITH AN OPEN "FISH HOOK".

CLASSICAL           *MADE IN GREECE DURING CLASSICAL PERIOD FROM AGE OF PERICLES C. 475BC TO 323BC
    JEWELRY           WHEN AFTER  THE CONQUESTS BY ALEXANDER THE GREAT, FOREIGN INFLUNCES   WERE
                             FOUND IN THE GREEK   STYLES AND TECHNIQUES.

CLAW SETTING     *GEM SETTING THAT HOLDS STONE SECURELY BETWEEN PRONGS. ALLOWS LIGHT TO
                             ENTER FROM THE  BACK OF THE STONE. NEARLY ALL DIAMONDS (EXCEPT PAVE SET)   ARE SET
                             THIS WAY. BECAME  POPULAR IN THE 19TH CENTURY.  HOWEVER, DO NOT HOLD THIS A HARD
                             AND FAST RULE THAT ALL PRECIOUS STONES ARE "OPEN SETTINGS". SOME OLDER JEWELRY
                             CONTAINED CLOSED BACK DIAMONDS AND OTHER PRECIOUS GEMS.

CLEO  *  JEWELRY TRADEMARK USED BY CLARENCE EDSON, CLEVELAND, OH FOR JEWELRY W/FAUX
 (SCRIPT MARK)        PEARLS SINCE  1921.

CLEOPATRA  *JEWLERY TRADEMARK USED BY SAMSTAG & HILDER BROS., INC., NEW YORK FOR NOVELTY
   JEWELRY ITEMS SINCE 1922

CLIP    *TYPE OF BROOCH WITH A HINGED BACK INSTEAD OF A CLIP BACK. POPULARIZED IN THE  ART DECO                                 PERIOD UNTIL AROUND 1940. SOME HAD A DOUBLE PRONGED PIN FOR FASTENING INSTEAD OF
     A CLIP. SOME CLIPS WERE REFERRED TO AS "FUR CLIPS", "DRESS CLIPS", ETC. FOR OBVIOUS  REASONS.

CLOISONNE  * (KLOI ZO NA) ENAMELING IN WHICH THIN WIRE (SILVER GOLD COPPER OR BRONZE)   WHICH HAS
     BEEN GILDED)   IS BENT TO FORM CELLS (CLOISONS) THEN FILLED  WITH ENAMEL. EACH COLOR
     IS IN A SEPARATE  COMPARTMENT AND EACH COMPART-MENT SEPARATED BY THIN WIRE.
                                    PRIMARILY AN ORIENTAL CRAFT.  MUCH BEAUTIFUL JEWELRY HAS BEEN DESIGNED USING THIS
     METHOD OF ENAMELING. IT WAS ALSO USED  IN MAKING ORNAMENTAL VASES, BOXES AND
                                    SCULPTURES.

COCKTAIL SET          *   TRADEMARK USED BY CORO, INC. NY FOR JEWELRY ITEMS MADE WITH PRECIOUS METALS OR
                                    PLATED. USED SINCE 1947

COEUR DE FEU        *JEWELRY TRADEMARK FOR ILLINOIS WATCH CO./ELGIN AMERICAN DIVISION SINCE  1950
                                 USED FOR SIMULATED PEARL JEWELRY.

COIN SILVER *ALSO SEE SILVER. COIN SILVER IS 90% SILVER AND 10% OTHER METAL. IT WAS USED MOSTLY
  ON WATCH CASES, FOBS AND SOME JEWELRY ITEMS. THE REASON FOR THE NAME IS THAT
  AT ONE TIME THE CONTENT OF COINS WAS 90%.

COLGATE         *JERSEY CITY NJ; C. 1860'S "ALBA VIOLET", "CASHMERE BOUQUET"
   COSMETIC MFG. - FLORIENT FACE POWDER. 1930'S

COLLEGIATE            *  JEWELRY TRADEMARK USED BY CORO, INC. SINCE  1940. USED MAINLY FOR COMPACTS, CIG.
                                   CASES. ETC.

COLONIAL                  *FEATURING A COLONIAL LADY IN A CIRCLE - THIS MARK WAS USED BY COLONIAL BEAD CO.
                                   NEW YORK FOR BEADED JEWELRY SINCE 1937.  THE WORD "COLONIAL" WAS ALSO USED
                                   ALONE.

COLONNA, EDWARD   *GERMAN JEWELRY DESIGNER IN THE ART NOUVEAU/DECO PERIOD. WORKED FOR L.C. TIFFANY
                                     HIS MARK IS STAMPED "COLONNA" AND "SANB" INSIDE A DIAMOND FOR HIS MAISON
                                     DE L'ART NOUVEAU JEWELRY DESIGNED IN 1898.

COLUMBIA                  *  JEWELRY TRADEMARK USED BY WALTER DORRER/HIGBEE & DORRER, LOS ANGELES FOR
                                     PEARL JEWELRY  SINCE 1954

COMBS                      *COMBS WERE BOTH FUNCTIONAL AND ORNAMENTAL - MORE ORNAMENTAL AFTER ABOUT
                                    1880. THE GIBSON  GIRL POPULARIZED IT FURTHER IN THE 20'S.  SOME   WERE HIGHLY
                                    DECORATED WITH GEMSTONES, FLOWERS, ETC. NO FASHIONABLE LADY HAD A COMPLETED
                                    WARDROBE WITHOUT A MYRIAD OF COMBS. EARLY COMBS   WERE MADE  OF TORTOISE
                                    SHELL, BONE STERLING, GOLD AND SILVER. BY 1900 IMITATION  MATERIALS WERE
                                     MORE POPULAR. SOME OF THE OLDER MANUFACTURERS WERE NUHORN, TUFF-E-NUF,
                                     STAG, NOYES COMB  CO., BINGHAMPTON NY., SCHARDER AND EHLERS, SADLER BROS WHO
                                     PRODUCED REAL TORTOISE SHELL   COMBS  AS DID WAGNER COMB CO. OF NEW YORK.

COMPACT                    *SMALL, USUALLY HINGED  CASE USED FOR CONTAINING FACE POWDER. USUALLY
     ACCOMPANIED WITH A MIRROR AND SOMETIMES OTHER COMPARTMENTS. ALSO SEE
     "FLAPJACK", "CARRYALL"

COMPOSITION              *A MIXTURE YIELDING A MATERIAL FROM WHICH SOMETHING ELSE IS MADE OTHER THAN
                                     CERAMIC, METAL OR PLASTIC

CONCEITS                    *USED TO REFER TO CURIOUSLY CONTRIVED OR FANCIFUL JEWELRY OR ACCESSORIES                                        WHICH ARE QUAINT OR  HAVE AN AFFECTED CONCEPTION WHICH FLATTERS ONE'S VANITY.
                                     THUS  "CONCEIT". A NECK CONCEIT   (VELVET RIBBON), WAISTLINE CLASP, BUCKLES,  PARASOL
                                     WITH  A HANDLE TO SIMULATE SAY - A GOLF CLUB   OR WHEEL SPIKES. ALSO  CONSIDERED
                                     CONCEITS WERE CHILDREN'S BIB PINS SOMETIMES WITH THE WORD  "BABY"  ENGRAVED ON
                                     IT, CHAMELEON PIN, STERLING ENCASED MUSTACHE COMBS, LADIES HAT   BAND
                                     BUCKLES, STERLING SILVER HAT MARKS,KEY RINGS, UMBRELLA STRAPS, LINGEREE PINS,
                                     TRUNK CHECK  TAGS, ARMLETS OR GARTERS, GLOVE BUTTONERS ETC. ON AND ON
                                      SOMETIMES IN STERLING SILVER OR  GOLD, MOST LIKELY GOLD FILLED.

CONCH PEARL             *VARIETY OF SALT WATER PEARL PRODUCED BY THE UNIVALVE GIANT CONCH   OR HELMET
                                    CONCH. USUALLY  INFERIOR QUALITY FOR PEARLS AND USED FOR CARVING  CAMEOS OR
                                    BEADS.

CONCHA BELT            *BELT MADE BY THE INDIANS IN SOUTH WESTERN UNITED STATES IN FORM OF A WIDE LEATHER
                                   BAND ON WHICH   IS AFFIXED A ROW OF CONVEX DISCS MADE OF SILVER OR SHELL WITH
                                   TURQUOISE.